| High School
a. P4.p1 Kinetic Molecular Theory (prerequisite)
Properties of solids, liquids, and gases are explained
by a model of matter that is composed of tiny particles
in motion. (prerequisite)
- Kinetic
Molecular Theory
The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the forces between
molecules and the energy that they possess. This theory
has 3 basic assumptions which are discussed at this
site.
- Kinetic
Molecular Theory
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases begins with
five postulates that describe the behavior of molecules
in a gas. This site lists and explains these five
postulates.
- Molecular
Motion Tutorial Use an interactive
graph to explore the relationship between kinetic
energy and temperature. Includes practice exercises.
- The
Kinetic Molecular Theory
The experimental observations about the behavior of
gases discussed so far can be explained with a simple
theoretical model known as the kinetic molecular theory.
This site explains how the Kinetic Molecular Theory
explains the Gas Laws.
b. P4.p2 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
(prerequisite)
Elements are a class of substances composed of a single
kind of atom. Compounds are composed of two or more
different elements chemically combined. Mixtures are
composed of two or more different elements and/or compounds
physically combined. Each element and compound has physical
and chemical properties, such as boiling point, density,
color, and conductivity, which are independent of the
amount of the sample. (prerequisite)
- Elements,
Compounds & Mixtures
This site has microsopic views that illustrate the
differences between elements, compounds and mixtures.
- Elements,
Compounds, and Mixtures
The site explains in a detailed way the differences
and characteristics of elements, compounds, mixtures
and much more.
- Elements,
Compounds and Mixtures
This site explains the differences between pure substances
and mixtures and explains how you can identify the
differences.
- Elements,
Mixtures and Compounds
The site shows pictures of some different particle
arrangements. Students are asked to choose the correct
letters in the boxes on the right. This site tests
student's understanding of their differences between
elements, mixtures, and compounds.
c. C4.1x Molecular and Empirical Formulae
Compounds have a fixed percent elemental composition.
For a compound, the empirical formula can be calculated
from the percent composition or the mass of each
element.
To determine the molecular formula from the empirical
formula, the molar mass of the substance must also
be
known.
- Determining
the Empirical Formula from an Elemental Analysis Tutorial
This tutorial goes through the process for determining
the empirical formula from data obtained through elemental
analysis.
- Example
Problems for Calculating Empirical Formulas
A compound has the following mass% composition. Determine
the empirical formula, enter the values for each
element
in the appropriate cell and press 'Check Answer.'
- Example
Problems for Calculating Percent Composition
Calculate the mass percents for all of the elements
and enter them in the cells. Check your answer when
done.
- Finding
an Empirical Formula From a Molecular Formula Tutorial
This tutorial goes through the process for determining
the empirical formula if the molecular formula for
a compound is known.
- Molecular
and Empirical Formulas
The molecular formula shows you how many of each
atom can be found in a certain molecule. Some examples
of molecular formulas, that you are most likely familiar
with are found at this site.
- Molecular
and Empirical Formulas
Electronic encyclopedia entry explains the difference
between molecular and empirical formulas.
- Molecular
Formula - Definition
The conventional form for writing a molecular formula
is to write the symbol for each element followed
by
a subscript indicating the actual number of those
atoms present in a molecule. This site defines the
difference between a Molecular and Empirical Formula.
- Percent
Composition Tutorial
This interactive tutorial covers percent composition
and empirical and molecular formulas.
d. C4.2 Nomenclature
All compounds
have unique names that are determined systematically.
- Binary
Covalent Nomenclature
This site provides a chance for students to put to
practice their knowledge of binary covalent nomenclature.
The student will be able to convert between formulas
to names and names to formulas.
- Chemical
Nomenclature
Chemists use specific rules and "conventions"
to name different compounds. This section is designed
to help you review some of those rules and conventions.
- NOMENCLATURE
One of the basic, most important tasks that a chemistry
student needs to master early on is that of Naming
Compounds and Writing Formulas. There are several
things that a student can do to make these tasks less
tedious.
- Stock
Notation Nomenclature This is a basic
exercise in naming simple compounds which contain
metals.
e. C4.2x Nomenclature
All molecular and ionic compounds have unique names
that are determined systematically.
- Chemical
Nomenclature
Chemists use specific rules and "conventions"
to name different compounds. This section is designed
to help you review some of those rules and conventions.
- Ionic
Nomenclature Practice This site provides
a chance for students to put to practice their knowledge
of ionic nomenclature. The student will be able to
convert between formulas to names and names to formulas.
- NOMENCLATURE
One of the basic, most important tasks that a chemistry
student needs to master early on is that of Naming
Compounds and Writing Formulas. There are several
things that a student can do to make these tasks less
tedious.
f. C4.3 Properties of Substances
Differences in the physical and chemical properties
of substances are explained by the arrangement of the
atoms, ions, or molecules of the substances and by the
strength of the forces of attraction between the atoms,
ions, or molecules.
- The
Physical Properties of Molecular Substances
This page describes how the physical properties of
substances having molecular structures varies.
- Properties
of Substances
Every substance has a characteristic set of properties
- chemical and physical - by which it may be identified.
The identification of a substance's properties, and
the use of properties to characterize a new substance,
are a significant part of what chemists and other
scientists do.
g. C4.3x Solids
Solids can be classified as metallic, ionic, covalent,
or network covalent. These different types of solids
have different properties that depend on the particles
and forces found in the solid.
- Crystals
and Unit Cell Tutorial
Learn to identify
the repeating patterns of atoms or ions that are
characteristic of crystalline solids and determine
the number of
atoms in a given unit cell. Includes practice exercises.
- Intermolecular
Forces Tutorial
Explore the different types of intermolecular forces
and explains how these affect the boiling point,
melting
point, solubility and miscibility of a substance.
Includes practice exercises.
- London
Dispersion Force Animation
This animation shows how the electron distribution
in nonpolar particles can be altered to force an
attraction
with a nonpolar neighbor particle.
- Solids
Solids are particles which are packed orderly. There
are 3 main different types of solids.This site explains
these three different types.
- Solids
The molecules that make up solids are generally held
together by ionic or strong covalent bonding, and
the attractive forces between the atoms, ions, or
molecules in solids are very strong. The four types
of crystalline solids are discussed.
- Solid
Basics
CHEM4KIDS has a section on the nature of solids that
explains the different types of chemical structures
of solids.
h. C4.4x Molecular Polarity
The forces between molecules depend on the net polarity
of the molecule as determined by shape of the molecule
and the polarity of the bonds.
- Bond
and Molecular Polarity
This site has nice animations of how different types
of chemical bonds result in different types of polarity
for the resulting molecules.
- Molecular
Polarity
For the most part, there is a direct correlation
between the polarity of a molecule and number and
types of
polar or non-polar covalent bonds which are present.
This site compares polar, ionic and non-polar bonding.
- Partial
Charges and Bond Dipoles Tutorial
This tutorial explains that covalent bonds often
include unequal distribution of electrons leading
to partial
charges on atoms, bond dipole moments, and molecule
polarity. Interactive problem exercises ask you to
calculate dipole moments of polar molecule.
- Predicting
Molecular Polarity
This site explains the general steps the student
would use to determine the molecular polarity of
a molecule.
Numerous examples and solutions are given for various
molecules.
- Vapor
Pressure Associated With Weak and Strong IMF
This site contains an applet that allows students
to investigate vapor pressure (submicroscopically)
associated with liquids that have strong and weak
intermolecular forces. Temperature can also be changed,
allowing the students to relate changes in temperature
to resulting changes in vapor pressure.
- VSEPR
Theory Tutorial
This unit presents interactive three-dimensional
representations of all the molecular geometries,
as well as chemical
examples of each. . Simply click and drag a molecule
to rotate it in space. A complete understanding
of
molecular shape is necessary in order to determine
if a molecule is polar or nonpolar and therefore
what
type of IMF would hold neighboring molecules together.
i. C4.5x Ideal Gas Law
The forces in gases are explained by the ideal gas
law.
- Example
Questions for the Ideal Gas Law
The
ideal gas equation states : PV=nRT. This page presents
problems based upon this equation. When you press
"New Problem",a question will appear to
the right of the table. Determine the value of the
answer, enter it in the cell and press "Check
Answer".
- Gas Properties New
Pump gas molecules to a box
and see what happens as you change the volume, add
or remove heat, change gravity, and more. Measure
the temperature and pressure, and discover how the
properties of the gas vary in relation to each other.
- Ideal
Gas Law
This site from ChemiCool has a formula that can be
used to select which variable you want to solve for:
Pressure, Volume, Moles, or Temperature.
- Ideal
Gas Law
An ideal gas can be characterized by three state
variables: absolute pressure (P), volume (V), and
absolute temperature
(T). The relationship between them may be deduced
from kinetic theory.
- Ideal
Gas Law Applet
This interactive site allows the student to change
the number of particles (n), volume (v), and temperature
(T) in order to see the resulting changs in pressure.
- Ideal
Gas Law Tutorial
Manipulate the variables of the ideal gas law to
explore the relationship between the pressure, volume
and
temperature of a gas. Includes worked examples and
interactive practice exercises.
j. C4.6x Moles
The mole is the standard
unit for counting atomic and molecular particles in
terms of common mass units.
- Combustion
Demonstration for Stoichiometry
Outstanding
A step-by-step animation showing the reaction of
different hydrocarbons with excess oxygen gas. This
site can
be used at the same time that stoichiometry is being
taught to demonstrate the accuracy of the calculations.
- The
Mole - Its History and Use
The site does a nice job of explaining why scientist
use the Mole as a standard unit for counting atomic
and molecular particles in terms of common mass units.
k. C4.7x Solutions
The physical properties of a solution are determined
by the concentration of solute.
- Saturation
Tutorial This tutorial explains the
dynamics of saturated solutions.
- SOLUTIONS
Everything you need to know about solutions is found
at this site. Just click the links and they will answer
your questions about the nature of a solution.
l. C4.8 Atomic Structure
Electrons, protons, and neutrons are parts of the atom
and have measurable properties, including mass and,
in the case of protons and electrons, charge. The nuclei
of atoms are composed of protons and neutrons. A kind
of force that is only evident at nuclear distances holds
the particles of the nucleus together against the electrical
repulsion between the protons.
- Atomic
Structure and the Periodic Table
This site describes the structure of an
atom and identifies properties of common families
of elements found on the periodic table.
- BBCi
World Service
This site includes information about elements, atoms
and the periodic table
- Bohr's
Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
This is an interactive site model of Bohr's atom showing
the various energy levels.
- Build
a Carbon Atom
This site allows students to make protons and neutrons
using quarks, upload these subatomic particles to
an atom, and see if the resulting atom is stable.
It shows the students that an unequal number of protons
and neutrons will lead to radioactive atoms.
- Chem4kids
- Atoms
This page has links to the atomic structure that has
a simple discussion of the sub-atomic particles of
an atom, their charges, shells, orbitals, quantum
theory and Niels Bohr. Links for "ions" and "compounds"
can also be found on their site.
- General
Organic and Biochemistry
Outstanding - This
is a general chemistry site. Links to specific benchmark
sites are accessed from this page. Go to the left
frame and click on "Atoms & Molecules". This
takes you to some slides that discuss the particles
of an
atom, their charges and mass. There is a summary
of the material, a glossary and a practice exam
are found
at the end of this link.
- HANGatomMAN!
Hangman with the elements…The computer will
randomly pick the name of an element and provide
a
clue. Guess letters to find the element name, but
be careful! Each incorrect letter you guess causes
Atom Man to decay. Find the element's name before
the Atom Man decays completely! At the end of the
game, learn more about the element and its characteristics.
- It's
Elemental - Element Flash Cards!
The computer will test your knowledge of the elements
and, depending on the selections you make, you will
have to supply the element's chemical name (spelled
correctly), chemical symbol or atomic number. Would
you like to practice only some of the elements? If
so, press the 'More options, please!' button and you
will be able to select whichever elements you desire
to work on!
- Jefferson
Labs - All About Atoms
- Outstanding.
What are atoms? (Jefferson Labs). This web site
is an interactive on-line slide show presentation
regarding the basic structure of the atom. Comparisons
between neutrons, protons, and electrons are graphically
detailed with brief descriptions and factual data.
- Fear
of Physics - What is an atom?
This site lets the student look at an atom and
describes the nucleus, electron It also allows students
to see its orbit.
- Fermilab
This site explains and updates the new basic particles
of matter and more.
- Funbrain.com
A game for students to identify symbols for a given
lesser known element..
- Rutherford Scattering New
How did Rutherford figure
out the structure of the atomic nucleus without looking
at it? Simulate the famous experiment in which he
disproved the Plum Pudding model of the atom by observing
alpha particles bouncing off atoms and determining
that they must have a small core.
- Rutherford's
Gold Foil Experiment
This applet
explains the equipment used in Rutherford's experiment,
along with the results of the experiment.
- Structure
of the Atom - Matter & Energy
This site describes all aspects of the atom. It describes
the different atomic theories and shows pictures
of
atomic obitals for better visualization.
- The
Particle Adventure
Great site on the history of atomic structure. Includes
animations, questions, and quizzes for the student
to work on. Very informative.
- Tom
Lehrer's Song of the Elements - Flashimation
Tom Lehrer's Song of the Elements (music by Sir Arthur
Sullivan, words by Dimitri Mendeleyev and friends)
put to animation.
m. C4.8x Electron Configuration
Electrons are arranged in main energy levels with sublevels
that specify particular shapes and geometry. Orbitals
represent a region of space in which an electron may
be found with a high level of probability. Each defined
orbital can hold two electrons, each with a specific
spin orientation. The specific assignment of an electron
to an orbital is determined by a set of 4 quantum numbers.
Each element and, therefore, each position in the periodic
table is defined by a unique set of quantum numbers.
- Applet:
Electron Configurations
Use this applet to explore in which order the atomic
shells are filled with electrons.
- Chem4kids
- Atoms
This page has links to the atomic structure that
has a simple discussion of the sub-atomic particles
of
an atom, their charges, shells, orbitals, quantum
theory and Niels Bohr. Links for "ions" and "compounds"
can also be found on their site.
- Comparison
of Bohr and Quantum Mechanical Models of the Atom
A short animation showing the visual difference between
the Bohr model of the atom and the Quantum Mechanical
model of the atom. This can be used to explain that
an electron's position cannot be pinpointed.
- Electron
Configuration
The electron configuration of an atom is a form of
notation which shows how the electrons are distributed
among the various atomic orbital and energy levels.This
site gives examples of how to write the electron configuration
of varous atoms.
- Electronic
Structure of Atoms
Each electron in an atom is described by four different
quantum numbers. Three of these quantum numbers (n,
l, and m) represent the three dimensions to space
in which an electron could be found.
- Example
Questions About Quantum Numbers and Orbitals
This is an exercise in using using and understanding
the quantum numbers. When you press "New Question",
a question will appear in the top frame. Determine
the value of the answer, enter it in the cell and
press "Check Answer." Results appear
in the second table.
- Models of the Hydrogen Atom New
How did scientists
figure out the structure of atoms without looking
at them? Try out different models by shooting photons
and alpha particles at the atom. Check how the prediction
of the model matches the experimental results.
- Orbital
Diagrams
This site shows students the electrons as they fit
into orbitals. It also sorts the orbitals in order
of energy (Aufbau Principle).
- Orbital
Diagrams
This site allows students to click on different elements
on the periodic table in order to visualize the electron's
location within specific orbitals.
- Orbital
Simulation Applet
This site shows the different shapes of orbitals
in the hydrogen atom. It allows the student to chose
the first two quantum numbers corresponding to specific
orbitals to view the shapes.
- Practicing
Electron Configurations
This site offers the students the chance to practice
their skills at writing out electron configurations
for different elements.
- Quantum
Numbers Tutorial
This interactive tutorial explains the concept of
quantum numbers. This concept can be used to reinforce
student understanding of orbitals, electron movement,
and electron location.
n. C4.9 Periodic Table
In the periodic table, elements are arranged in order
of increasing number of protons (called the atomic number).
Vertical groups in the periodic table (families) have
similar physical and chemical properties due to the
same outer electron structures.
- Atomic
Structure and the Periodic Table
Outstanding
- This site describes the structure of an atom and
identifies properties of common families of elements
found on the periodic table.
- Chemsoc
A stunning visual representation of the periodic table
- who knew that chemistry could look so good?
- Chem4kids
- Elements
A discussion of the periodic table with a hyperlink
to the periodic table section that discusses what
the "rows" or periods and "columns" or groups are.
The first three rows of the periodic table, on this
page, can be clicked on to find out more information
about the element.
- General,
Organic and Biochemistry
This is a general chemistry site. Links to specific
benchmark sites are accessed from this page. Go to
the left frame and click on "Periodic Properties".
This takes you to some slides that discuss the families
and periods of the table. It also discusses metals,
non-metals and semi-conductors. There is a summary
of the material, a glossary and a practice exam found
at the end of this link.
- It's
Elemental - Element Math Game!
The computer will randomly pick an element and present
you with that element's data from the Periodic Table
of Elements. Use that information to answer the question
that the computer asks about the number of protons,
neutrons, electrons or nucleons (particles in the
nucleus) that an atom of that element contains.
- JetPunk
- Name the Elements of the Periodic Table New
- As of June 2009, their are 111 named elements
in the periodic table. How many do you know?
This
is an interactive student activity in which students
are asked to name as many of the elements of the
periodic table as they can.
- Periodic
Table Applet
An applet that contains multiple periodic tables,
each color-coded to represent different ways in
which
the periodic table is organized.
- Periodic
Table of Elements - Crystal Structures
This site sorts the elements of the Periodic Table
by their crystal structures. Each element
has information in the following categories: atomic
structure,
chemical and physical properties, and discovery.
There are also links to a dictionary for better understanding
of terms.
- Periodic
Table of the Elements
Interactive Periodic Table complete with pictures,
descriptions, sources, compounds, uses, forms and
isotopes for each element.
- Thinkwell
Interactive Periodic Table
Interactive Periodic Table that allows one to manipulate
the colorcoding of the table according to metal/nonmetal,
electron configeration, and standard state. Also
shows trends in atomic radius, ionic radius and
electronegativity.
Contains a formula calculator and a "test yourself"
section that you can interact with.
- Visual
Elements Periodic Table
Site can be viewed using flash or html. Periodic
table is interactive with pictures and movies of
109 elements.
Lots of traditional information, but cool stuff too!
- Web
Elements
Good periodic table site. Atomic number and mass
are identified on the table. Students can click
any element
and read comprehensive description of th element.
Description includes physical properties, uses,
abundance
in nature, etc.
o. C4.9x Electron Energy Levels
The rows in the periodic table represent the main electron
energy levels of the atom. Within each main energy level
are sublevels that represent an orbital shape and orientation.
- Energy
Levels
Lively applets animate Bohr's atom and lead to the
modern idea of the energy level atom.
- How
do I read an electron configuration table?
An electron configuration table is a type of code
that describes how many electrons are in each energy
level of an atom and how the electrons are arranged
within each energy level.
- How
many electrons fit in each shell around an atom?
The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a
specific energy level can be found using the following
formula: Electron Capacity = 2n2
- Periodic
Table Trends Tutorial
This
tutorial offers a guided tour of the trends summarized
by the periodic table (metallic properties, subshells,
electronegativity and atomic radius), and explains
how to use this tool to predict an element's characteristics,
including its bonding capacity. An interactive version
of the periodic table is accessible from every tutorial.
p. C4.10 Neutral Atoms, Ions, and Isotopes
A neutral atom of any element will contain the same
number of protons and electrons. Ions are charged particles
with an unequal number of protons and electrons. Isotopes
are atoms of the same element with different numbers
of neutrons and essentially the same chemical and physical
properties.
- Average
Atomic Mass Worksheet
This site contains a worksheet for use in the classroom
to calculate average atomic mass. The worksheet shows,
step-by-step, how to calculate average atomic mass,
and then provides many example problems for the students
to complete.
- Calculating
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons of Ions, Isotopes,
and Neutral Atoms
This site has a nice table that takes a number of
common elements and shows how the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons determine if an element is
neutral atom, or an Ion or Isotope.
- Ions,
Isotopes and Electron Shells
Normally, atoms contain equal numbers of protons and
electrons. Because the positive and negative charges
cancel each other out, atoms are normally electrically
neutral. When the number of electrons changes in an
atom, the electrical charge changes. This site explains
the nature of Ions, and Isotopes.
- Number
of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons This
page is an exercise in relating the number of protons,
electrons and neutrons for an atom or monoatomic ion.
When you press "New Problem", an atomic
symbol will appear in the first cell and several other
cells will have values. Fill in the empty cells (all
of the values are integers) and press "Check
Ans." Results appear in the smaller table. You
need a periodic table or a list of the elements to
use this page. If the charge is positive, just enter
the integer. If it's negative make sure you include
the sign.
q. C4.10x Average Atomic Mass
The atomic mass listed on the periodic table is an average
mass for all the different isotopes that exist, taking
into account the percent and mass of each different
isotope.
- Average
Atomic Mass Calculation Tutorial
This
short tutorial gives the process for solving for the
average atomic mass of multiple isotopes, given their
abundances.
- Chemistry:
Average Atomic Mass
To find the AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS of an atom, we take
into account all of the isotopes that exist and the
percentage of each type. The calculation of the average
atomic mass is a WEIGHTED AVERAGE. This site gives
examples of how to determine the average atomic mass
of various atoms.
- Rutherford's
Gold Foil Experiment
Interactive applet to show the basic principle
of the discovery of the nucleus by Rutherford's gold
foil experiement. It also helps imply the relative
masses in the atom, even though the scale is poorly
illustrated.
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IV. CHEMISTRY TOPICS 
