| High School
P2.p1 Potential Energy (prerequisite)
Three forms of potential energy are gravitational, elastic,
and chemical. Objects can have elastic potential energy
due to their compression or chemical potential energy
due to the arrangement of the atoms. (prerequisite)
- Bang!
Boing! Pop! Energy
This site covers how we can calculate kinetic
and potential energy using formulas. This site is
a great site about energy, and covers a variety of
energy topics.
- Changes
of Phase (or State)
When a substance changes from one state, or
phase, of matter to another we say that it has undergone
a change of state, or we say that it has undergone
a change of phase. This site does a nice job of explaining
vaporization, evaporation, condensation, sublimation,
freezing, and melting.
- Changes
of State: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Any substance, called matter, can exist as a solid
material, liquid, or gas. These three different forms
are called states. Matter can change its state when
heated.
- Energy
Kid's Page
Energy is found in different forms, such as light,
heat, sound and motion. There are many forms of energy,
but they can all be put into two categories: kinetic
and potential.
- Chem
4 Kids
Excellent site for beginning students and review
of chemistry (reactions, states of matter, elements,
units, etc...). There is a quiz and a few other student
interactions.
- Energy
Here your students can learn about the changes between
potential, kinetic and heat energy through text, a
series of hands on classroom activities and even an
online "Monkey Swing" game.
- Heat
and Temperature Discusses heat transfer with
animations on the motion of gas molecules, relation
to kinetic energy and more links.
C2.1x Chemical Potential Energy
Potential energy is stored whenever work must be done
to change the distance between two objects. The attraction
between the two objects may be gravitational, electrostatic,
magnetic, or strong force. Chemical potential energy
is the result of electrostatic attractions between atoms.
- Chemical
Bonding Home Page
This site contains a set of textbook-like tutorials
covering this important subject, but doing so in a
manner that will be both more understandable and more
complete than you will find in most current General
Chemistry textbooks.
- Chemical
Energy
The energy held in the covalent bonds between atoms
in a molecule is called chemical energy. This site
explains the nature of chemical energy.
- Chemistry
Tutorial - Chemical bonds and attractive forces
A molecule is two or more atoms linked by a chemical
bond. Molecules can contain different types of bonds.
If atoms are sharing electrons, then the bond between
them is covalent. If an atom gives up an electron
to another atom, then they have an ionic bond.
- Potential
Energy During Bond Formation This
site explains potential energy changes as two elements
approach one another during bond formation.
C2.2 Molecules in Motion
Molecules that compose matter are in constant motion
(translational, rotational, vibrational). Energy may
be transferred from one object to another during collisions
between molecules.
- Basic
Terminology and Concepts
- There are many forms of kinetic energy - vibrational
(the energy due to vibrational motion), rotational
(the energy due to rotational motion), and translational
(the energy due to motion from one location to another).
This site demonstrates the nature of kinetic energy.
- Changes
of Phase (or State)
When a substance changes from one state, or phase,
of matter to another we say that it has undergone
a change of state, or we say that it has undergone
a change of phase. This site does a nice job of explaining
vaporization, evaporation, condensation, sublimation,
freezing, and melting.
- Changes
of State: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Any substance, called matter, can exist as a solid
material, liquid, or gas. These three different forms
are called states. Matter can change its state when
heated.
- Molecular
Motion in Solids, Liquids, and Gases
This site contains an animation showing the different
motions and spacings of particles in the three different
states of matter.
- Molecular
Motion of Metal Atoms
This site provides the student with an animation showing
the increase in molecular motion of metal atoms as
temperature increases.
-
- Molecules
in Motion Applet
This interactive applet allows the students to modify
the number, temperature, and mass of particles as
they move. Resulting changes in speed can be investigated.
C2.2x Molecular Entropy
As temperature increases, the average kinetic energy
and the entropy of the molecules in a sample increases.
- Bond
Enthalpy
The Bond Enthalpy is the energy required to
break a chemical bond. The site gives a detailed explanation
of bond breaking and bond formation.
- Chemical
Thermodynamics
Changes in energy -- however measured, whether it
be heat, light, work, etc. -- are clearly physical
events that also have a chemical nature to them. Five
topics related to energy are discussed here.
- Example
Questions for the Combined Gas Law
The
combined gas law states that for a closed system
(constant moles of gas), the PV product divided
by the absolute
temperature is constant or P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2. This
page provides problems utilizing this relationship.
When
you press "New Problem",a question will
appear to the right of the table. Determine the
value
of the answer, enter it in the cell and press "Check
Answer".
- Molecular
Entropy
This site has several animations that show different
types of molecular entropy.
- Molecular
Entropy Explanation
This site give a comprehensive explanation of entropy,
along with example reactions in which the entropy
of the system is changing.
C2.3x Breaking Chemical Bonds
For molecules to react, they must collide with enough
energy (activation energy) to break old chemical bonds
before their atoms can be rearranged to form new substances.
- Activation
Energy
This is a shockwave animation with examples of the
activation energy necessary to break old chemical
bonds inorder to form new substances.
- Energy
Diagrams - Activation Energy
Move the slider
along to see the breaking and forming of bonds and
the energy changes including activation energy along
the reaction path. Click the button to change the
reaction example.
- IIT New
Laboratory guidelines and set up for comparing
endothermic and exothermic reactions. It also describes
demonstrations for these two types of reactions.
- Visionlearning
Outstanding!
Great site to get animations of the breaking and forming
of bonds in the formation of water from oxygen and
hydrogen. This is found under chemical equations.
This also shows the reaction between sodium and chlorine
to form an ionic compound, as well as the change in
atomic and ionic size. This is found under chemical
bonds.
C2.4x Electron Movement
For each element, the arrangement of electrons surrounding
the nucleus is unique. These electrons are found in
different energy levels and can only move from a lower
energy level (closer to nucleus) to a higher energy
level (farther from nucleus) by absorbing energy in
discrete packets. The energy content of the packets
is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
These electron transitions will produce unique absorption
spectra for each element. When the electron returns
from an excited (high energy state) to a lower energy
state, energy is emitted in only certain wavelengths
of light, producing an emission spectra.
- Absorption
Spectra
Different elements create a series of bright lines
at certain wavelengths. heating the atoms gives
them
some extra energy, so some of their electrons can
jump up to higher energy levels. Then, when one
of
these electrons drops back down to a lower level,
it emits a photon --at one of that element's special
frequencies, of course.
- Absorption
Spectra
Outstanding
This site has examples of absorption spectra from
different elements.
- Bohr
Model of the Atom Applet This applet explains
the basic concepts behind Bohr's model of the atom,
along with animation of the electrons being excited
to higher energy levels before emitting radiation
and falling back down.
- Energy
Levels
Lively applets animate Bohr's atom and lead
to the modern idea of the energy level atom.
- How
do I read an electron configuration table?
An electron configuration table is a type of code
that describes how many electrons are in each energy
level of an atom and how the electrons are arranged
within each energy level.
- How
many electrons fit in each shell around an atom?
The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a
specific energy level can be found using the following
formula: Electron Capacity = 2n2
- Jumping
and Falling Electrons
This site allows the students to excite an electron
on an atom to see the resulting jump in energy levels
and emission of electromagnetic radiation.
- Light
Emission and Absorption Tutorial
This interactive tutorial investigates flame tests,
electron excitement, light emission from these excited
atoms, and the relationship between electron movement
and the bright line spectrum. A short quiz follows
the tutorial.
- The Photoelectric Effect New
See how light knocks
electrons off a metal target, and recreate the experiment
that spawned the field of quantum mechanics.
C2.5x Nuclear Stability
Nuclear stability is related to a decrease in potential
energy when the nucleus forms from protons and neutrons.
If the neutron/proton ratio is unstable, the element
will undergo radioactive decay. The rate of decay is
characteristic of each isotope; the time for half the
parent nuclei to decay is called the half-life. Comparison
of the parent/daughter nuclei can be used to determine
the age of a sample. Heavier elements are formed from
the fusion of lighter elements in the stars.
- Balancing
Alpha Decay Nuclear Equations
This site contains an applet that allows the student
to fill in the blanks of a nuclear decay equation.
- Balancing
Beta Decay Nuclear Equations
This site contains an applet that allows the student
to fill in the blanks of a nuclear decay equation.
- Basic
Nuclear Fission
This site describes nuclear fission, has some great
animations of nuclear fission, and students can test
their knowledge with a short quiz at the end.
You can also select nuclear fusion on the left side
to learn about it as well.
- Build
a Carbon Atom
This site allows students to make protons and neutrons
using quarks, upload these subatomic particles to
an atom, and see if the resulting atom is stable.
It shows the students that an unequal number of protons
and neutrons will lead to radioactive atoms.
- Calculating
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons of Ions, Isotopes,
and Neutral Atoms
This site has a nice table that takes a number
of common elements and shows how the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons determine if an element is
neutral atom, or an Ion or Isotope.
-
- Halflife
The halflife is the amount of time it takes for half
of the atoms in a sample to decay. The halflife for
a given isotope is always the same.
- Half-Life
Online Experiment This site challenges
students to determine the half-life of a radioisotope
using data points collected and graphed.
- Ions,
Isotopes and Electron Shells
Normally, atoms contain equal numbers of protons
and electrons. Because the positive and negative charges
cancel each other out, atoms are normally electrically
neutral. When the number of electrons changes in an
atom, the electrical charge changes. This site explains
the nature of Ions, and Isotopes.
- Isotopes
of Pennies
This site provides lessons for understanding
radioactivity and isotopes using pennies to represent
subatomic particles.
- Nuclear
Chemistry and the Community
Here you can take your students through a quick tour
or choose the "2 day class" tour. The expected outcome
is that students can apply nuclear science to world
events and begin to critically evaluate what they
see, hear, and read.
- Nuclear
Fusion
This site goes into detail about nuclear fusion,
and it explains it very well.
- Nuclear
Reactions Tutorial
This site contains a tutorial teaching the students
how to balance different types of nuclear reactions.
A short quiz follows the tutorial.
- Nuclear
Stability of Isotopes
This site has an applet that allows the students to
click on different isotopes, view their number of
sub-atomic particles, and see if these isotopes are
stable or unstable. Unstable isotopes will decay and
the applet shows what stable isotopes they will decay
into.
- Radioactive
Decay
This site has an Applet that demonstrates rates of
radioactive decay. Shown (red dots) is a large number
of identical atomic nuclei, each obeying the same
decay law. Now select the half life time of the nuclei
with the slider, press the strat button, and watch
them decay away as a function of time.
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