II. BIOLOGY TOPICS

 

  1. Inquiry, Reflection, and Social Implication
  2. Organization and Development of Living Systems
  3. Interdependence of Living Systems and Environment
  4. Genetics
  5. Evolution and Biodiversity

 

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  2. Student Activities / Projects / Interactive Sites
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  6. Periodicals / Journals / Newspapers
  7. Searches / Explorations / Projects / Investigations
  8. Life Science Topics for Teachers

 

B2. Organization and Development of Living Systems

High School

a. L2.p1 Cells (prerequisite)
All organisms are composed of cells, from just one cell to many cells. Water accounts for more than two-thirds of the weight of a cell, which gives cells many of their properties. In multicellular organisms, specialized cells perform specialized functions. Organs and organ systems are composed of cells and function to serve the needs of organisms for food, air, and waste removal. The way in which cells function is similar in all living organisms. (prerequisite)

  1. Cells Alive
    "Cells Alive" is an excellent web site that allows the student to observe color photographs, 3-D diagrams, and informational descriptions of various viruses, prokaryotic, and Eukaryotic cells and their organelles. It also includes an interactive testing tool, which allows the student to evaluate their progress.
  2. Cell Division Genetic Consequences
    This is a good site for the students to learn or review the basics of mitosis and meiosis. This interactive site allows students to view images in order to determine which stage of mitosis/meiosis is occuring.
  3. Cell-Tissue-Body Explorer Interactive Animated Atlas
    This site is a teacher resource site that provides information on many different human body cells.  Pictures, definitions of cell parts, and quizzes are available for each cell chosen.
  4. Cytographics
    There are many videos showing cells.  The best for this benchmark is called "Three eggs of the African Toad." This video clip shows a single cell dividing until it becomes a tadpole.  Great example that "living things are made of cells."
  5. Function of Cells in Organisms
    Describes how living organisms are made of cells, uses plant cells as an example.  Has other information and links that don't apply to the expectation.  This site offers beautiful graphics and numerous links to plant and animal physiology. Easy to read and clear, concise information.
  6. Human Physiology, Cell Structure and Function
    This site includes pictures, diagrams, and descriptions of general cell structure, levels of organization, specific cells (describing functional relationships to structure),DNA and RNA, cellular movement, metabolic processes and products as well as links to vocabulary definitions. This would be a great site to use to obtain well organized and labeled pictures/diagrams for use on overheads.
  7. I Can Do That
    A fun tour about cells guided by cartoon cells.  Students will enjoy the funny names given to the different types of cells as well as the interactions among cells as they learn about bacteria, animal, and plant cells.  Good diagrams.
  8. Interactive Diagrams: Cell Structure
    Great source for students to interact with basic plant and animal cells.
  9. Mitosis
    This site provides animations and information on the cell cycle and mitosis. You can view them as a separate stage or as part of the entire cycle. Also through photographic technology, the site shows an actual plant cell go through the last two stages of mitosis. Shockwave required and can be downloaded at site.
  10. Mitosis and Cell Cycle Animation
    The site provides animations and information on the cell cycle and mitosis. There is a short quiz as well after the complete sequence is done.
  11. The Biology Project and Cell Biology Problem Sets and Tutorials
    The site is designed to introduce events that occur in the cell cycle. Explore and learn about the process of mitosis, meiosis, types of cells and structures of cells through photographs, animations, diagrams and written descriptions.

b. L2.p2 Cell Function (prerequisite)
Cells carry out the many functions needed to sustain life. They grow and divide, thereby producing more cells. Food is used to provide energy for the work that cells do and is a source of the molecular building blocks from which needed materials are assembled. (prerequisite)

  1. Function of Cells in Organisms
    Describes how living organisms are made of cells, uses plant cells as an example.  Has other information and links that don't apply to the benchmark.  This site offers beautiful graphics and numerous links to plant and animal physiology. Easy to read and clear, concise information.
  2. Human Physiology, Cell Structure and Function
    This site includes pictures, diagrams, and descriptions of general cell structure, levels of organization, specific cells (describing functional relationships to structure),DNA and RNA, cellular movement, metabolic processes and products as well as links to vocabulary definitions. This would be a great site to use to obtain well organized and labeled pictures/diagrams for use on overheads.

c. L2.p3 Plants as Producers (prerequisite)
Plants are producers; they use the energy from light to make sugar molecules from the atoms of carbon dioxide and water. Plants use these sugars, along with minerals from the soil, to form fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. This food can be used immediately, incorporated into the cells of a plant as the plant grows, or stored for later use. (prerequisite)

  1. Photosynthesis - Light Reactions (Forest Biology Virginia Tech)
    Outstanding! Interactive animation for photosynthesis. Diagrams are labeled. Narration for animated movie at end of site.
  2. The Great Plant Escape
    Students take a journey with an interactive detective into the world of plants to find clues, perform experiments, and solve problems that will solve various cases pertaining to plants. Extension activities and quizzes are available.
  3. The Flow of Energy Through Plants and Animals
    Students can investigate how energy flows through living organisms.  A description of food chains is given and examples are visually illustrated through hand drawn charts.  A variety of links are available on food chains, energy flow, and photosynthesis.  Unfamiliar vocabulary words are defined at the click of a button.
  4. Yummy Plant Parts
    Lesson Plan  Students will:1. Understand the structure and function of roots, stems, and leaves.  2. Identify the parts of a plant by looking at an entire plant or a part of a plant.  3. Understand the importance of plants for animals’ (humans’) existence.

d. L2.p4 Animals as Consumers (prerequisite)
All animals, including humans, are consumers; they obtain food by eating other organisms or their products. Consumers break down the structures of the organisms they eat to obtain the materials they need to grow and function. Decomposers, including bacteria and fungi, use dead organisms or their products for food. (prerequisite)

  1. Biology in Motion
    This science site contains animations, interactive activities, and cartoons designed to make learning biology a more engaging experience.  Included are resource collections, interactive tutorials, quizzes, teaching tips, and interactive games.  Also includes animations and cartoons with explanations in enzymes, intestinal gases, and hormones. Through the use of animations, students will learn about fat digestion and bile, the thyroid gland, the mammalian cardiovascular system, mitosis and meiosis, and how the kidneys work. By selecting a quiz, students can learn biology terms by placing them in the correct category.
  2. Human Anatomy Online
    This site studies the anatomy of the human body.  It’s fun, interactive, and an ideal reference site for students or those who just want to know more about the medical descriptions used by doctors and nurses.  Provides images, descriptions and animations of the bodies major systems that maintains its stable internal environment.
  3. Metabolism
    This site is essentially a concept map breaking down all of the parts of matabolism, plus it has many links to other sites dealing with metabolic processes.
  4. Web of Life Game
    This site presents an interactive food web game.  Students are asked to link together species in one of three ecosystems.

e. L2.p5 Common Elements (prerequisite)
Living systems are made of complex molecules that consist mostly of a few elements, especially carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. (prerequisite)

  1. Activity 15 Teacher Guide: What is the Carbon Cycle
    This lesson was developed as part of the LEARN project from 1991 aimed at improving atmosphere education at the middle school level.  This lesson corresponds very well with the high school benchmark of nutient cycles.  The page begins with some basic information on the carbon cycle accompanied by some excellent images.  Then, the site presents a basic lesson on the carbon cycle.
  2. BioGeoChemical Cycles
    Outstanding - This web site includes text and various diagrams to describe four biogeochemical cycles that operate in nature.
  3. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
    Nice site that covers the major biogeochemical cycles on Earth.  Good diagrams for the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycles with explanations and facts for each.
  4. Carbon Trip
    This page is a very simple, creative writing based lesson on the carbon cycle.  Although written for the carbon cycle, this lesson could be applied to any nutrient cycle.
  5. CDIAC Global Change Data
    This is a database of information on global atmospheric changes. Examples of the databases include carbon cycle, carbon monoxide, aerosols, methane, greenhouse gases, etc.
  6. EO Library: The Carbon Cycle
    This entry in NASA's Earth Observation library provides a lot of great information on the carbon cycle.  Useful for students doing research, teachers that need a refresher, or in class presentations.  The entry covers Biological/Physical Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis and Respiration, Carbon on the Land and in the Oceans: The modern carbon cycle, The Human Role, NASA Missions to Study the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate, and lists its resources.
  7. The Global Carbon Cycle
    "The global carbon cycle," is an introductory lesson.  It involves identifying carbon reservoirs and the movement of carbon between them.  Students work in groups to create a poster diagraming a simple carbon cycle then answer questions.

f. B2.1 Transformation of Matter and Energy in Cells

In multicellular organisms, cells are specialized to carry out specific functions such as transport, reproduction, or energy transformation.

  1. Metabolism
    This site is essentially a concept map breaking down all of the parts of matabolism, plus it has many links to other sites dealing with metabolic processes.
  2. Stem Cells New
    This is a web site dedicated to stem cell information. There is a lot of background information and explanation on this site regarding stem cells and current research. This site would best be used as a supplement to lecture or textbook or for further research in the classroom.

g. B2.1x Cell Differentiation
Following fertilization, cell division produces a small cluster of cells that then differentiate by appearance and function to form the basic tissues of an embryo.

  1. Cells are Us
    Take a journey as the human body goes from egg and sperm to life, explaining the splitting of chromosomes in very simple terms. This site covers basic mitosis.
  2. Teacher's Domain: Cell Differentiation
    Bank of video segments taken from NOVA movies and other well-respected sources showing how cell differentiation occurs in humans and other animals. Site says you must register…can bypass this by clicking on "Test Driver User". No sign in required.

h. B2.2 Organic Molecules
There are four major categories of organic molecules that make up living systems: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.

  1. Biology Junction New
    This website outlines the procedure, supplies and data recording sheets for a lab on the organic compounds found in food. It uses a McDonald's Happy Meal.
  2. Chem4Kids New
    This site provides an overview of the major organic molecules that compose living things. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are all discussed. There are quizzes provided at the end of each section.
  3. Chem4Kids-Bio-Enzymes New
    This web page describes enzyme structure and function. There is also a link for enzyme regulation. There are good graphics showing how substrates and active sites fit together.
  4. CHEMISTRY II: WATER AND ORGANIC MOLECULES
    Organic molecules are those that: 1) formed by the actions of living things; and/or 2) have a carbon backbone. The formulas and structural representations of several simple organic molecules are shown.
  5. DRAWING ORGANIC MOLECULES
    This page explains the various ways that organic molecules can be represented on paper or on screen - including molecular formulae, and various forms of structural formulae.
  6. Molecular Logic - Tree of Macromolecules New
    This is a student interactive activity in which the students look/study polymers and monomers of the major organic molecules. There is also a quiz for each section and they are required to print a report for this.
  7. Organic Molecules
    Cells contain many organic molecules. These molecules are essential to life. Many of them are acquired from the food we eat. In this lab you will study carbohydrates, proteins and fats.In this simulated activity you will learn how to test for each of these organic molecules.
  8. The National Health Museum Activities Exchange New
    This is the description, procedure and lab reports to perform a lab on organic compounds. It can be easily printed and used in your classroom.
     

i. B2.2x Proteins
Protein molecules are long, usually folded chains composed mostly of amino acids and are made of C, H, O, and N. Protein molecules assemble fats and carbohydrates; they function as enzymes, structural components, and hormones. The function of each protein molecule depends on its specific sequence of amino acids and the shape of the molecule.

  1. Learning About Proteins
    Your body uses the protein you eat to make lots of specialized protein molecules that have specific jobs. For instance, your body uses protein to make hemoglobin. The site contains a section on amino acids.
  2. Proteins
    Proteins are macromolecules. They are constructed from one or more unbranched chains of amino acids; that is, they are polymers. A typical protein contains 200–300 amino acids but some are much smaller (the smallest are often called peptides) and some much larger. Every function in the living cell depends on proteins.
  3. Biomolecules - Proteins
    This site has an interactive activity that explains proteins and much more.

j. B2.3 Maintaining Environmental Stability
The internal environment of living things must remain relatively constant. Many systems work together to maintain stability. Stability is challenged by changing physical, chemical, and environmental conditions as well as the presence of disease agents.

  1. Bioterrorism Webquest New
    This webpage is a full webquest lesson on bioterrorism. It includes the rubric for scoring and directions for students. Each role should be decided in the group before beginning the webquest and students use the internet to find the information to make the presentation on their disease and threat to humans.
  2. Chronic Wasting Disease-National Wildlife Health Center
    Informational. TB and HIV started in animal populations and were transmitted to humans. Will Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) be next? Plenty of good links.
  3. Harvest of Fear, Nova/ Frontline
    This site contains information to allow for purchase of "Harvest of Fear," a FRONTLINE and NOVA two-hour report. The video explores the debate over genetically-modified (gm) food crops through interviews with scientists, farmers, biotech and food industry representatives, government regulators, and critics of biotechnology. The video debates both sides of the issue, exploring the risks and benefits, the hopes and fears, of this new technology. If you choose not to purchase the video, the site can be used for purposes of classroom debate, providing links to articles for and against gm food-crops.
  4. Homeostasis and Blood pH New
    This is an informational website that informs the reader about homeostasis and pH of blood. The reader can mouse over vocabulary words and they will automatically pop up to help reader understanding. The role of the kidneys and how they maintain blood pH levels and the importance of maintaining pH levels of the blood is discussed.
  5. HHMI Virtual Immunology Lab
    This site is a virtual lab on antibodies. Participants will discover how antibodies can be used to diagnose diseases caused by infections. This is an excellent teacher resource, along with being extremely informative for the students.
  6. Human Diseases
    This site provides an alphabetized list of human diseases. The condition is described, and links are available to different sites that provide visuals of the disease and how it effects a particular body system and explanation of treatments. This is a great site for an anatomy class or general biology class to use to do research on diseases and their treatments.
  7. Office of Disease Prevention and Control
    The Office of Disease Prevention and Control provides suggestions and announcements on staying healthing and describes what is being done to fight diseases in the country.
  8. Organ Systems
    This site is an excellent site for teacher resources. Teachers will be able to come up with several activities/lessons from many different topics. There is a vast amount of information for teachers and students to explore. Each category has links to extend the lessons. A whole unit could be developed on Organ Systems using this site
  9. Secrets of the Sequence Videos/Lessons
    Outstanding! These videos and accompanying lesson plans take you and your students to laboratories where scientists are investigating fascinating questions. SOSq creates an avenue for students to learn from leading scientists and ethicists about the profound moral, ethical and legal impact of recent discoveries in the life sciences. With increasing public awareness of the technical and bioethical issues surrounding the life sciences discoveries of the 21st century, Secrets of the Sequence videos and accompanying classroom-tested lesson plans are designed to help teachers expand their students’ knowledge. Lesson plans are designed to walk teachers through videos, provide disscussion questions, and student follow-up activities. Short and current videos!
  10. The Human Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
    This site is an excellent site for teacher and student resources. There is a vast amount of information for teachers and students to explore. Each category has links to extend the lessons. A whole unit could be developed on the G.I. tract using this site.

k .B2.3x Homeostasis
The internal environment of living things must remain relatively constant. Many systems work together to maintain homeostasis. When homeostasis is lost, death occurs.

  1. Anatomy & Physiology II Animations Movies & Interactive Tutorial Links
    This site is site filled with animations. Teachers can select fom a vast amount of various animations within each category. This is an excellent teacher resource, along with being extremely informative for the students.
  2. Biology Classroom
    This is a tutorial about Homeostasis and some specific activities that the body tries to maintain. There are click and drag activities for the students to work through.
  3. Class Brain.com-Get Body Smart
    This site is an Excellent interactive site for students. There are so many diagrams that a student can review and learn from at their own pace. Also many links to other labs.
  4. Homeostasis-Lion Den
    An outline format that provides a few examples of models that can be used to teach homeostasis.
  5. Human Anatomy Online
    This site is site filled with detailed information about Human Anatomy. This site is user friendly for students and teachers. Students can click on any part in any system in the body and get descriptive information about it. This is an excellent teacher resource, along with being extremely informative for the students.
  6. Net Frog
    This site is an interactive site for students, dissecting a frog. The students will be able to go step by step on how to properly disect a frog. The students can view video clips each step of the way. There are also questions students can answer along the way to check for understanding. At the end of the dissectin the student has the opportunity to take a quiz over the whole process. For the teacher this site offers addition links for follow-up activities.
  7. NHC/Natural Science/Biology Home Page
    Good site for follow-up activites, after students have learned about the skeletal system. Students can view several pictures of different human bones and take quizzes to check their knowledge.
  8. Nobel prize.org "The Ear Pages"
    This site is an interactive site for students. The students will go step by step through the anatomy of the human ear. They will be able to gather information related to function of the ear and why some people are deaf. At the end of the tour the student has the opportunity to take a quiz over information related to the ear and the nobleprize winner.
  9. Science Animations Movies & Interactive Tutorial Links
    This site is site filled with animations. Teachers can select from a vast amount of various animations within each category. This is an excellent teacher resource, along with being extremely informative for the students.
  10. Science-class.net
    Outstanding
    This site is an outstanding!!!! teacher resource for lectures, and acivities related to Anatomy. Also there are links to interactive activities for the students
  11. Science Nature: Human Body and Mind
    The Site is and excellent site for discovery learning. The student can become very informed about the anatomy of a human through this site. It is an excellent source for teaching the students location and function of different organs. The interactive games are challenging and fun. Prior knowledge of location and function of different organs is very helpful.
  12. The Virtual Body
    This site is a fun sit for students to play around on. They can choose from games or narrative information. They can see animation of the digestive system, the heart, the brain, or the skeleton.
  13. Web Anatomy
    This site is an interactive site for testing an idividuals level of knowledge on a paticular part of Anatomy. It can be timed or done at owns own pace. There are also interactive games with others on the web,(with membership). Another useful part of this site is the availability of pictures to print.

l. B2.4 Cell Specialization
In multicellular organisms, specialized cells perform specialized functions. Organs and organ systems are composed of cells and function to serve the needs of cells for food, air, and waste removal. The way in which cells function is similar in all living organisms.

  1. Animal and Plant Cells
    This site identifies the differences between animal and plant cells, relating to metabolic activity and physiology.
  2. Biology 4 Kids-Animal and Plant Cells New
    This web site compares animal and plant cells. There are general information pages and then the student can complete a quiz at the end of the section. Review of organelles and cell structure is the main theme.
  3. Biology 4 Kids-Animal Systems New
    This site is an overview of all of the animal systems. It compares and contrasts different systems of animals and their function. There is a quiz provided at the end of each section.
  4. Cells Alive
    "Cells Alive" is an excellent web site that allows the student to observe color photographs, 3-D diagrams, and informational descriptions of various viruses, prokaryotic, and Eukaryotic cells and their organelles. It also includes an interactive testing tool, which allows the student to evaluate their progress.
  5. Cell Organelles
    "Students can test their knowledge of the functions of various cell organelles in a eukaryotic cell." This site offers online interactive flashcards students can use to study terms. They can then play an online matching game to test their understanding of the terms. There are also related word search and concentration games.
  6. Gram Staining New
    This is an informative web site on gram staining techniques and shows pictures of different bacteria stains. It also has specimen stain examples for fungi.
  7. Human Physiology, Cell Structure and Function
    This site includes pictures, diagrams, and descriptions of general cell structure, levels of organization, specific cells (describing functional relationships to structure),DNA and RNA, cellular movement, metabolic processes and products as well as links to vocabulary definitions. This would be a great site to use to obtain well organized and labeled pictures/diagrams for use on overheads.
  8. Respiration
    This site gives general information about tissue respiration, ventilation of the lungs, and gasous exchange using simple terms that middle school students will understand. There are not student activities or lesson plans. The site is divided into three learning sections: 1) Tissue Respiration; 2) Ventalation of the lungs; 3) Gaseous exchange.
  9. The First Nine Months
    This site contains a personalized narration and pictoral of the embryonic development of a human from conception to birth. The graphics are excellent and the site is well organized. Many of the still pictures are interactive so that one can either magnify an image to explore certain features in more detail or read short descriptions of the feature.
  10. The Virtual Cell
    An excellent interactive program that allows students to zoom in on different organelles of the cell. Students can continue to zoom in until the smallest part of the cell is displayed and described. (Example - nucleus - chromosome- DNA, etc.) To perform actions (zoom, cut, etc.) or to search, one must click on the image.   Note:  the only way to view previous materials or to get back on the homepage is to use the go back key.
  11. The Virtual Cell Web Page
    The virtual cell tour contains a 3-D color image of the cell and its organelles. Click on an organelle to zoom in on it and view its interior. Explanations accompany the diagrams.

m. B2.5 Living Organism Composition
All living or once-living organisms are composed of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates and lipids contain many carbon-hydrogen bonds that also store energy.

  1. Biology 4 Kids-Cell Functins New
    This site provides cell function overview. The student has to click through the various pages and key words. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, active and passive transport, mitosis and meiosis are discussed. There are individual quizzes that can be taken at the end of each section.
  2. Biology 4 Kids-Cell Structure New
    Overview of cells, structure, function, and organelles are described. The student has to click through the various pages and vocabulary terms. A section quiz is provided at the end.
  3. Biology 4 Kids-Plant Functions New
    This site is interactive for students to study plant structure, function, photosynthesis and reproduction. Different types of plants, including angiosperms and gymnosperms are included. Quizzes at the end of each section are provided.
  4. Chemical Composition of Living Cells
    This site has a textbased explanation on the topic of the composition of living cells. This is a PDF file.
  5. The Biology Project - Cell Membrane Tutorial New
    This website is a cell membrane tutorial. It has multiple links and starts in a quiz type format. If the student gets the answer incorrect, the site links to tutorials.
  6. Utah University-Plant and Animal Cells New
    This is a student driven activity where the student has to move around the cell to identify parts. It also compares plant and animal cells. There is a printable worksheet that goes along with this activity.
  7. Virtual Autopsy New
    This website describes a basic autopsy and goes through each system of the body. The forensic pathologist describes the reason why the person expired. There are detailed drawings and actual photos, so viewer discretion is advised.

n. B2.5x Energy Transfer
All living or once-living organisms are composed of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates and lipids contain many carbon-hydrogen bonds that also store energy. However, that energy must be transferred to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to be usable by the cell.

  1. McGraw Hill-Biology
    Animations: this site offers several different animations related to general biology. The animations are divided into chapters following the outline of the book, published by McGraw Hill
  2. Metabolism
    This site is essentially a concept map breaking down all of the parts of matabolism, plus it has many links to other sites dealing with metabolic processes.

o. B2.6x Internal/External Cell Regulation
Cellular processes are regulated both internally and externally by environments in which cells exist, including local environments that lead to cell differentiation during the development of multicellular organisms. During the development of complex multicellular organisms, cell differentiation is regulated through the expression of different genes.

  1. Cell Regulation
    Cell regulation encompasses all the functions cells carry out to maintain homeostasis, in particular their responses to extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.) and how they produce an intracellular response.

 

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